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What’s new in Kwant 1.5

What’s new in Kwant 1.5#

This article explains the user-visible changes in Kwant 1.5.0.

Deprecation of leaving ‘norbs’ unset for site families#

When constructing site families (e.g. lattices) it is now deprecated to leave the ‘norbs’ parameter unset. This will now raise a KwantDeprecationWarning and will be disallowed in a future version of Kwant. For example, when constructing a square lattice with 1 orbital per site, use:

kwant.lattice.square(norbs=1)

rather than:

kwant.lattice.square()

Plotly for plots#

Kwant can now use the Plotly library when plotting, though matplotlib is still used by default. Using plotly empowers Kwant to produce high-quality interactive plots, as well as true 3D support:

import kwant
import kwant.plotter

lat = kwant.lattice.cubic(norbs=1)
syst = kwant.Builder()

def disk(r):
    x, y, z = r
    return -2 <= z < 2 and 10**2 < x**2 + y**2 < 20**2

syst[lat.shape(disk, (15, 0, 0))] = 4

kwant.plotter.set_engine("plotly")
kwant.plot(syst);

Automatic addition of Peierls phase terms to Builders#

Kwant 1.4 introduced kwant.physics.magnetic_gauge for computing Peierls phases for arbitrary geometries and for systems with leads. Using this functionality requires that the system value functions are equipped to take the required Peierls phase parameters, which is not possible when you are not in direct control of the value functions (e.g. discretized systems). In Kwant 1.5 we have added the missing piece of functionality, kwant.builder.add_peierls_phase, which properly adds the Peierls phase parameters to a Builder’s value functions:

syst = make_system()
lead = make_lead()
syst.attach_lead(lead)
syst.attach_lead(lead.reversed())

fsyst, phase = kwant.builder.add_peierls_phase(syst)

def B_syst(pos):
    return np.exp(-np.sum(pos * pos))

kwant.smatrix(fsyst, parameters=dict(t=-1, **phase(B_syst, 0, 0)))

Improved tutorial building#

Improving or adding to Kwant’s tutorial is now much simpler. Now the text and code for each tutorial is kept in the same file, making it easy to see where changes need to be made, and images generated by the code are inserted directly into the document thanks to the magic of jupyter-sphinx. It has never been easier to get started contributing to Kwant by helping us improve our documentation.

We have also updated the docs theme to a more modern sphinx-book-theme.

Discretization onto a Landau level basis#

The Hamiltonian for a system infinite in at least two dimensions and with a constant applied magnetic field may be expressed in a basis of Landau levels. The momenta in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field direction are written in terms of the Landau level ladder operators:

\[k_x = \sqrt{\frac{B}{2}} (a + a^\dagger) \quad\quad k_y = i \sqrt{\frac{B}{2}} (a - a^\dagger)\]

The Hamiltonian is then expressed in terms of these ladder operators, which allows for a straight-forward discretization in the basis of Landau levels, provided that the basis is truncated after $N$ levels. kwant.continuum.discretize_landau makes this procedure simple:

syst = kwant.continuum.discretize_landau("k_x**2 + k_y**2", N)
syst.finalized().hamiltonian_submatrix(params=dict(B=0.5))

discretize_landau produces a regular Kwant Builder that can be inspected or finalized as usual. 3D Hamiltonians for systems that extend into the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field are also possible:

template = kwant.continuum.discretize_landau("k_x**2 + k_y**2 + k_z**2 + V(z)", N)

This will produce a Builder with a single translational symmetry, which can be directly finalized, or can be used as a template for e.g. a heterostructure stack in the direction of the magnetic field:

def stack(site):
    z, = site.pos
    return 0 <= z < 10

template = kwant.continuum.discretize_landau("k_x**2 + k_y**2 + k_z**2 + V(z)", N)
syst = kwant.Builder()
syst.fill(template, stack, (0,))

Minimum required versions for some dependencies have increased#

Kwant now requires at least the following versions:

  • Python 3.8

  • numpy 1.18.0

  • scipy 1.3.0

The kwant extensions (plotting, continuum and qsymm) now require at least the following versions:

  • matplotlib 3.2.2

  • sympy 1.5.1

  • qsymm 1.2.6

These versions (or newer) are available in the latest stable releases of Ubuntu and Debian GNU/Linux, with the exception of qsymm, which is available on PyPI or Conda forge.

Update of the setup script#

Following the recommendation of py.test, the command setup.py test is now removed. Instead the users should run py.test directly or use import kwant; kwant.test().

Removal of Umfpack support#

Scipy used to provide a Python interface to the Umfpack library. This is now done by a separate package scikit-umfpack. Because it is hard for end users to obtain this, we have removed built-in support for Umfpack.

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